DYSLIPIDEMIA:This is a condition describing the amount of lipid in the blood precisely cholesterol and fat.(WHO 2000)
this condition can be described in two ways which are the hyper and hypolipidemia respectively (WHO 2000).
this condition can be described in two ways which are the hyper and hypolipidemia respectively (WHO 2000).
A disorder describing abnormal amount of cholesterol in the blood is termed dyslipidemia.(creckas 1997)
(A) hyperlipidemia
(B) hypolipidemia
Hyperlipidemia is the elevation of lipid in the blood ,may be due to diet and lifestyle such as exercise.( JONSON et.al 2013)
prolong elevation of insulin level can also leads to dyslipidemia and increase in the level of o-glcNAc(WHO 2000)
CLASSIFICATION
Physician and researchers classified dyslipidemia in two distinct ways.( pie 2014)
(1) classification according to phenotype
(2) classification according to its etiology.
(Fredrickson et.al)
Phenotipical classification, is the presentation of this lipid that include the specific type that is increased,the etiology is the genetics .
( fredrickson classification).
Phenotipic causes may include the elevation of lipoprotein,chylomycrons,low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein
Another causes may include present of lipid in the protein called lipoprotein.
. It may also include hyper lipoprotenemia when it is high and hypoprotenemia when its low
It can also leads to honemia caused by chylomicrons,or both combination of hyperlipidemia low density lipoprotein and tryglyceride.
DIAGNOSTIC TERMS
HYPO AND HYPERLIPIDEMIA FROM THE LIPID ORIGIN
HYPER AND HYPO CHOLESTEROLEMIA FROM CHOLESTEROL ORIGIN.
HYPER AND HYPOLIPOPROTEINEMIA FROM LIPO PROTEIN ORIGIN
A BETALIPOPROTENEMIA FROM BETTA LIPOPROTEIN ORIGIN.
TANGIER DISEASE CAUSED BY HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN.
LIPID IN BLOOD.
The present of lipid in the blood ,is of imperative as it’s a measure of a healthy status of individual .
large quantity and low quantity is recommended for clinical diagnosis.
CHOLESTEROL LEVEL
According to the American hearth Association,a total cholesterol level below 160mg/dl or its equivalent of 4.1mm/l is classified as hypocholesterolemia.
but there was a disput on this as more researcher and physician re lowerd the level.(AHA1994).
HYPER CHOLESTEROLEMIA
This is the present of high level of cholesterol in the blood,it is another form of hyperlipidemia or elevated level of lipid in the blood. And hyperlipoprotenemia or elevated levels of lipoprotein.
NATURALITY
Cholesterol is a sterol by origin,it is one of the majour clasis of lipid that animal cell utilizes to construct their membrane and thus manufactured by animal cell.(Nature et.al1991)
cholesterol is a precusure of vitamin D steroids homones,and bile acid.
TRANSPORT
Cholesterol is transported in the blood plasma within protein particles.(Lipoprotein.).
Lipoprotein are thus classified by their density :
very low density lipoprotein,(VLDL), Low density lipoprotein(LDL) , the intermediate density lipoprotein,(IDL) AND high density lipoprotein(HDL).
All the lipoprotein carries cholesterol ,but elevated level of lipoprotein other than high density lipoprotein otherwise known as high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol are in association with increased risk of atheroschlerosi and coronary herath disease.
Implication.
High level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol are protective. And elevated level of non high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein in the blood may be consequent of diet,obesity ,genetic disorder such as low density lipoprotein.
RECEPTORS MUTATION
Receptor mutation in hypercholesterolemia.or any diseasedof thyroid gland underreactive and diabetics mellitus. Thus reducing the saturated dietary fat is recommended to reduced total blood cholesterol and LDL in adult.
LDL EPHERESIS
In people with very high cholesterol for e.g, in hypercholesterolemia, diet is often insufficient, therefor the disire to reduce the low density lipoprotein and lipid lowering medication with reduced cholesterol absorption is required.another treatment means is LDL ephresis is also required.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS.
Hypercholesterolemia is asymptomatic. Long standing elevation of serum cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis. Chronically elevated serum cholesterol leads to the formation of atheromatous plaques in the arteries that can lead to steanosis (Narrowing) of the atheries or complete occlusion (Blockage) of the involved atheries.
RUPTURE OF THE PLAGUE
Smaller plaque may rupture and cause a clots to form and obstruct the flow of blood.
and sudden occlusion of coronary atery result in myocardial infaction otherwise known as hearth attack.also,an occlusion of the cerebral ateries supplying blood to the brain can cause stroke in the individual involved.prior to development of stenosis blood is gradually supply to the tissue or organs slowly diminishes until the organs functions becomes impaired.
HYPO-CHOLESTEROLEMIA.
This is a phenomena describing the low level of cholesterol in the blood.just as cholesterol is important to the living system,abnormal level of cholesterol in the blood could have presumed the kind of anomalies in association with the living system.among the level of causes of hypocholesterolemia are: statins, hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficient liver diseases intestinal malabsorption of lipid derivative food, malnutrition, abetalipoproteinemia, can lower cholesterol level to 50mg/dl,and its a genetic disorder, hypobetalipoproteinemia, manganese deficiency,smith- lemli-optiz syndrome, marfan syndrome, leukemia.
DEMOGRAPHIC STUDIES
Demographic studies surgest that cholesterol level form an u-shapecurve,ploted when ploted against mortality,this surgest that low cholesterol could be in association with increased mortality,due to depression,cancer and haemorrhagic stroke etc.
MEDICATION
The medication to be used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia are:
Statins (HMG-COAreductase inhibitors) is used if diet is ineffective.
Fibrates
Nicotinic acid
Cholestyramide(used in pregnancy and when body is intolerable to statins).
LIFE THERAPY
LIFE TIME THERAPY.
The life changes attitude recommended for those with high cholesterol include,
smoking cessation
lalcoholic limitation( if it must be taken)
increasing physical activities
maintaining healthy weight.
Restric intake of saturated fat
Avoiding trans FAT.
A change in the diet can reduce cholesterol by 15%(Maxwell et,al 2004).
SCREENING
According to u.s routine task force,it recommended a routine screening for men of 35 years above and women of 45years above. For lipid disorder and,and treatment of abnormal lipid for people at risk of coronary hearth disease.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
High level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol are protective. And elevated level of non high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein in the blood may be consequent of diet, obesity ,genetic disorder.
It is recommended to check your cholesterol and fats level if you are 35 years old male and 40 years old female.
DO REGULAR CHECK UP
By visiting your doctor, and making the lab your friend.
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